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My Life is Crap

Historic Birth of Endangered Indian Rhino Calf

9/4/2019

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Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium is proud to announce the birth of an Indian rhinoceros calf. Born on Friday, August 30 (my second week working at the zoo), this little guy is the first rhinoceros born in the zoo’s 120-year history.
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This calf is 1 of 82 Indian rhino living in the United States making him an important addition to the only 3,500-3,600 left in the world. The birth of this rhino gives insight into rhino breeding and rhino conservation.
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Under Her Skin

12/22/2016

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​This week at the San Diego Zoo Safari Park, one of the new additions to the rhino family, Wallis, a Southern White Rhino from South Africa, revealed a harsh reality of what is happening to her species throughout Africa. Wallis has been at the Park for just over a year and since her arrival has been exhibiting a wound that just wouldn’t heal. This week keepers noticed something sticking out of her skin at the site of the wound. Vets were called in and removed a bullet casing! Discovery of the bullet suggests a botched poaching attempt. Based on the angle of the wound, vets speculate that the rhino turned toward her shooter before being shot saving her life but leaving her with a stark reminder of the current plight of her species. 
Park staff tried to determine the extent of the wound and find the lead from the bullet but traditional equipment wasn’t strong enough to penetrate the rhino’s thick skin. The San Diego Fire-Rescue Bomb Squad was called in and using a device used to conduct investigations of explosive devices, they confirmed the presence of a metal fragment (likely the bullet). The next step will be removing the bullet but, in the meantime, the casing will be sent to a forensic lab to be included in investigations to aid in the fight against poaching in Africa.

A photo posted by San Diego Zoo Safari Park (@sdzsafaripark) on Dec 21, 2016 at 5:34pm PST

​Wallis is a very special addition to the Park’s rhino family. She is as part of the Park's White Rhino breeding program planned to be a surrogate for the critically endangered Northern White Rhino whose only remaining females are all too old to breed.
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World Lion Day (and s'mores)

8/10/2016

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Today is World Lion Day (RAWR) so to celebrate I am going to share with you a paper recently published by a close colleague of mine, Dr. Laura Bertola, and company. Laura completed her PhD at Universiteit Leiden (that’s in the Netherlands) last year on genetic diversity of the lion focusing on phylogenetic patterns and how populations in West and Central Africa fall in comparison to the rest of the population. 
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​In their recent publication, they “challenge current lion taxonomy” emphasizing the need for rethinking the way we view the species on the population level. To challenge taxonomy means they question how the species is classified or labeled. For the lion, currently there are two officially recognized subspecies (internationally or nationally).
Panthera leo leo and Panthera leo persica (CITES/IUCN: International)
or

Panthera leo melanochaita and Panthera leo leo (USFWS/ESA: National)
*For the purposes of their study, we’ll be focusing on the international CITES classification. 
Laura and her colleagues argue there should be more.
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​Based on their phylogeny (the pretty tree looking thing on the right), there is a definite North Group and South Group (similar to the findings in my study). Within each of these groups, they were able to identify regions which could narrows lions down further into 6 populations. So, very basically, they’re saying from these findings they can put a lion into 1 of 6 groups based on these genetic markers.
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The innovative part of this analysis was the addition of a comparison to other species who are recognized to have subspecies and show similar Sub-Saharan population distribution. The study identified 46 animals that show a distinction between West/Central African and East/Southern Africa populations. While some animals are recognized as being more than one species – known as a complex – such as Baboon (5), Rock hyrax (5) and Oryx (3), others are species separated into subspecies, such as Giraffe (9; below), Black (4) and White (2) Rhino, and Caracal (8). Only 13 of the 46 animals aren’t separated between West/Central and East/Southern, including the lion, according to CITES.
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​The ESA classification is a little closer to demonstrating the Sub-Saharan distribution taxonomically by clumping the West/Central population with the Asiatic population. However, based on these results, lions may be able to be classified even more specifically. Hopefully my research will be able to shed a little more light on this. The help Laura is giving me to continue this investigation is immeasurable.

In case you forgot, today is also National S'more Day and I just bought this....
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from San Diego based online marshmallow shop Mallow Mallow.
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Hunters can be Conservationists

7/1/2014

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And they can be blonde, cheerleaders too!  (shocking)

It’s happening again.  Animal rights activists are putting up a stink about a female hunter posting photos of her trophies on social media.  Last year it was Melissa Bachman posting a photo on Twitter and now it’s Kendall Jones and her Facebook page.   Men post photos of themselves with their trophies all the time but, apparently, it’s only worthy of making an uproar and creating ridiculous petitions when an attractive female does it.  As soon as I heard this was happening again, I had to investigate.  What is the real issue here?  That she’s hunting?  That she’s a she?  Or is it that she’s an attractive she who is about to be the host of her own TV show and, therefore, was deemed as an adequate target by some conniving activist to be used as an example for their agenda?

First off, what does the fact that she is a blonde, cheerleader from Texas have to do with anything?  Every article has this description in the headline.  I am offended as a blonde, former-cheerleader conservationist living in Texas that they are using those adjectives in such a negative connotation.  Just because you have any one of these things, does not mean you should or should not be a hunter.   Having any one of these things does not define who you are or should be as a person.

Second, from what I have read scanning anti-, pro- and neutral opinion hunting news sources she isn’t recklessly venturing out into the African wilderness shooting every animal in sight (which, by the way, is what Teddy Roosevelt – the “Father of Conservation” – did … but I digress).  Yes, she has shot animals which are considered to be “in danger” or “threatened” (NOT endangered) but she shot these animals in fenced game ranches where, sometimes, animals need to be culled (and the professional hunter who has to accompany her during every trek knows exactly which animals those are).  And she didn’t shoot to kill all of these animals.  Some of them, including a white rhino, were shot with a tranquilizer dart.  The photos of her with those animals aren’t any different than the photos I took during my trip (but I’m not going to have my own TV show so I guess it doesn’t matter as much).

Here are some important things most “animal lovers” don’t grasp about hunters:

  • Hunt all the animals = no hunting at all so it’s the absolute last thing a RESPONSIBLE hunter would do (sure, there are always exceptions…but that goes for everything so don’t let the bad egg sway your opinion of them all)
  • Hunters give more money to conservation than animal rights activists.  Hunting is an expensive sport.  Hunting in Africa is a REALLY expensive sport.  To be a hunter from the US in Africa, you have to have lots of disposable income.   And most hunters don’t just spend it on hunting but donate gobs of their excess cash back to conservation efforts to ensure they can still have majestic animals to hunt in Africa.  In fact, my research, which is 100% conservation-based, is funded primarily by hunters and I am eternally grateful for their generosity.

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From the Kendall Jones Facebook Page - "This rhino was darted and immobilized to draw blood, DNA, microchipped, antibiotic shots and treated for a leg injury. It's not dead and it's not asleep, it's immobilized with medication. It walked away once the procedure was done."
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From My Facebook Page - "De-horning rhino to make them less desirable to poachers. This one also had an ear injury we attended to."
So here’s what I have to say to the people who are thinking of signing these petitions:  Leave this poor girl alone.  Hunting may not be something you like and you may not be able to identify with the hunter’s motivation but, like it or not, hunting is an integral part of conservation when it comes to things like wildlife management and funding research.  And by signing that petition, you’re not aiding in conservation, you’re just taking a 19-year-old’s photo off Facebook. #SupportKendall
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Adventure Bound

2/15/2014

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I have hinted in a couple of past posts about a big adventure I will be having this year.  And, now that all the plans are officially finalized and everything is paid for, I can share the big news.  

Three weeks from today I will be arriving in Africa for a three week adventure throughout South Africa and Namibia.

I will be spending two weeks in Nelspruit, South Africa with Wildlife Vets learning about wildlife conservation medicine, then, post course, I will be spending an extra week traveling South Africa and Namibia with Dr. Derr meeting with professional hunter organizations to discuss some ongoing research projects.  I might even have the chance to go hunting myself (eek!).
While it may be my third time on the continent, I will be experiencing it like I never have before.  My first time in Africa I was a tourist.  The second time I was a researcher.  Now I will be a student, partaking in an in-depth course on the various aspects of different chemical preparations and their use in wildlife.  Basically, I’m going to become an expert in how to dart and delouse.  Past participants in this program have had the opportunity to wrangle crocodiles, dehorn rhino as an anti-poaching precaution, treat sick and injured wildlife including wild dogs and lions, and take part in the translocation of Cape Buffalo.  I’ve had a lot of hands-on experience having worked at multiple zoos and the Cheetah Conservation Fund but nothing like this.  I am lucky enough to be going on the TAMU Continued Education trip with practicing vets as opposed to the study abroad trip with students.  I’m essentially going to get to be an honorary veterinarian for two weeks (of course with lots of help from the trained professionals).

I am super excited for this trip.  This program is a hands on opportunity to learn field methods no one can learn in a classroom but are incredibly important to know if I want to do field research in the future.  Knowledge of the chemicals used for wildlife tranquilization and capture and how tissue and blood samples are obtained in various capture methods is beneficial for the development of accurate and efficient laboratory protocols needed to process samples.  So, while my initial decision to make this trip was “OMG THAT WOULD BE SO COOL!”; my final decision was based on the fact that it really is an investment to my career.

I always try to find exciting adventures that will enhance my life personally with the added benefit of enhancing it professionally.  This trip will do just that and is totally worth the colossal hit to my bank account!

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Rhino Auction Update

1/12/2014

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Whatcha lookin' at Mr. Lion?
Taxidermy has gotten quite impressive. These are not your typical museum mounts.
Yesterday I had the great opportunity of tagging along with Dr. Derr to the Dallas Safari Club Convention at the Dallas Convention Center.  We shmoozed and had meetings with professional hunters, organizations and fellow researchers from 9am-6pm while wandering the hundreds of exhibitors displaying apparel, guns, knives, hunting safaris, taxidermy and more.  I made lots of great connections/new friends and had a lot of fun.

As you might remember, part of this convention was an auction that seemed to be quite controversial – the opportunity to hunt a Namibian black rhino.  The rhino hunt went for $350,000.  The good news – all $350,000 goes to rhino conservation.  The bad news – they could have gotten a lot more if it weren’t for the unnecessarily aggressive actions of the opposing wildlife and animal rights groups. 
PictureDallas News

The live auction occurred last night during their banquet.  Talk amongst the exhibitors at the beginning of the convention hinted at individuals who were willing to bid up to a million dollars for this particular item whose proceeds go entirely to rhino conservation.  However, as the convention proceeded, activists began sending the organization threats, even threatening the lives of the family of the executive director of the organization.  The FBI had to be called in and there were rumors of undercover agents in attendance to protect convention attendees just in case something violent were to happen.  And, as news of protestors congregating outside the convention center began to spread, bidders began to get scared. 

The animal was going to die either way.  If the activists managed to somehow stop the auction from happening, the rhino, who needs to be culled, would have been killed by wildlife services rather than a hunter.  All these activists have accomplished is reducing the amount of money that could have gone directly to rhino conservation.  Mind you, the individuals who were willing to bid more on the item may still make considerable donations.  This auction, however, had the guarantee of the donation going directly towards the conservation efforts of that particular species.  I hope the activists don’t consider what they did a success because, honestly, it’s a shame and completely counter to what they claim they stand for – saving animals.

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Oh the Controversy

10/28/2013

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National Geographic released an article today about the Dallas Safari Club’s most recent fundraising endeavor and it is pissing a lot of people off.  The controversy arises from what they are offering their patrons to raise funds – the opportunity to hunt an endangered black rhino.  Now, I don’t regularly advocate the hunting of endangered species whose very close relative recently went extinct in the wild, but, Dallas Safari Club’s fundraising strategy is not as ill thought out as all the Facebook comments seem to imply it is.  What these angry people are completely disregarding are two things:
  • The auction prize allows them to hunt specific rhino which are no longer contributing members to the population which, in turn, allows the rhino population to grow by removing counterproductive individuals from a herd.  This hunt has also been approved by CITES, US Fish and Wildlife and International Union for Conservation of Nature.
  • 100 percent of the auction proceeds will support the Conservation Trust Fund for Namibia's Black Rhino.  The Dallas Safari Club predicts this item to bring in a minimum of $250,000.  Last year’s event to help the lions (which, yes, included a lion hunt auction item) raised millions.
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The issue is most people, primarily brought on by the tree-hugger variety of environmentalist, think of hunting as poaching.  But, while, yes, all poachers (by definition) are hunters, all hunters are NOT poachers.  In fact, responsible hunters are proving themselves to be more of a solution to the problem rather than being the problem itself.  Hunters are actually more interested in true conservation because if they overhunt they will no longer be able to hunt, so they actually have a higher personal investment in the success of a species than animal lover onlookers who have never seen an animal in the wild.

Think of it this way, hunting organizations, such as the Dallas Safari Club, contribute $300 million annually to conservation.  In addition to that, $4.2 billion has been contributed to conservation since 1937 through a 10% federal excise taxes on firearms, ammunition, and gear.  As I have said time and time again, the world is run by those who have the money.  And who has money?  Rich, hunting enthusiasts.  Who doesn’t?  Me (a budding conservationist).  So, bid away, hunters.  The more you bid on this item the better.  And to whoever wins, I hope it’s the experience of a lifetime.

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They Came from Above

4/10/2013

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ABC News
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savetherhino.org
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orangutan.org
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) aren't just for the military anymore!  UAV drone technology is now making an appearance at National Parks in Southeast Asia to aid in conservation efforts.

At the Kaziranga National Park in northeast India, UAVs are now spanning the skies in search for illegal wildlife activities.  The Kaziranga National Park is home to the Indian rhino.  And, similarly to their African cousins, this rare one-horned rhino is being poached for its hood ornament (which, by the way, is made of nothing more than glorified fingernail).  Sixteen rhinos have already been killed this year by gangs of poachers carrying AK-47s.  The UAV program, launched on Monday, will be looking for poachers from a max elevation of 200 meters taking still and video photography.  They hope the UAVs will aide the over 300 armed guards with surveillance of the park inevitably reducing poaching not only of the rhino, but elephants and tigers as well.

The use of this technology was originally developed from an innovative idea to monitor orangutan populations in Indonesia.  The prototype design was simply a digital camera attached to an electronic plane.  In just one year this drone technology has grown immensely.  This program shows so much promise for future conservation applications that Google awarded the World Wildlife Fund $5 million to develop even more advanced technology!  Watch the video below to find out more about UAV technology in conservation from Dr. Lian Pin Koh's presentation from the Fuller Symposium last November.

Also, check out their official website: conservationdrones.org
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Pleistocene Park

4/5/2013

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In honor of Jurassic Park opening in 3D today, I thought I would share with everyone the new developments in science which could make this science fiction, science fact.  While it will be a LONG time (if ever) until we will be able to clone a T-rex, it is a very real possibility that we will be able to clone more recently extinct animals to create an “insert time period here” park.

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Natural decay rates make it impossible to retrieve the whole genome of animals that went extinct tens of millions of years ago but animals that have gone extinct within the past 50,000 years or less could contain enough viable DNA to piece together a fully sequenced genome.  The ability to bring back extinct animals is so within reach there was a TEDx conference held in Washington D.C. on March 15th of this year where they discussed the ethics of “De-Extinction.”

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BBC Nature
After the successful, yet very short lived, cloning of an extinct Ibex in 2003, scientists have been improving and perfecting the process.  Now, cloning the megafauna which went extinct during the last ice age is no longer just conjecture.  After finding well-preserved mammoths in the Siberian tundra, scientists at the Sooam Biotech Research Foundation in Seoul teamed up with mammoth experts from a university in Siberia to find mammoth tissue buried in the cliffs of the Permafrost.  From the bone marrow, hair, skin and fat they found, the scientists are looking for a live cell they can reprogram to grow into an embryo cell then clone.  If they can’t find a live, viable cell, their next plan of action is going to be to transfer a mammoth nucleus into an emptied elephant egg cell.  But, even if they found a viable cell today, we are still a number of years away from a mammoth being born.  After implantation into an elephant surrogate, it would still be 2+ years before any offspring would grace us with its presence (elephant gestation is 645 days). 

These remarkable developments in genetic research mean the ridiculous (albeit innovative) proposal of Pleistocene Rewilding could come to fruition in a way they never thought possible when they proposed the idea in 2006.  Pleistocene Rewilding was thought up by a group of conservationists lead by Dr. Josh Donlan, direct of Advanced Conservation Strategies at Cornell.  They suggested that by bringing Pleistocene equivalent species to the historical home ranges of their counterparts we can increase biodiversity, kickstart evolutionary interactions that have gone dormant since the loss of megafauana, and create a multi-continental system for conservation of currently endangered species.  Basically, their idea is to bring Africa & Asia to the Great Plains of the United States to increase ecosystem interactions.  One of the stages of their plan is the creation of a Pleistocene Park.  Their intention was to have proxy species (i.e. Asian Elephants for Woolly Mammoths) act as ecological stand-ins for extinct species but with these new technological advances, why not have a park with the real thing.

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Life finds a way.
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Spanning from 2.5 million - 10,000 years ago, the Pleistocene Epoch was characterized by great biodiversity across the world.

I know what you’re thinking, but, Caitlin, Jurassic Park didn’t turn out so well.  True, but there are some major differences between Pleistocene megafauna and Jurassic dinosaurs.  Yes, we have ZERO knowledge of either of their actual behavior, but, I have a sneaking suspicion Pleistocene megafauna husbandry wouldn't be too much different than that of Holocene megafauna (that’s right now).  There obviously will have to be species specific changes made (which we wouldn't find out about until after they're cloned) but zoos all over the world make alterations to their husbandry protocols and enclosures all the time when they receive a new species or have to make placement changes to their exhibits.  Plus, Michael Crichton (may he rest in peace) has already thought up of all the things that could go wrong:   don’t use frog DNA to fill gaps, make sure you have strong fencing, be prepared for natural disasters you know occur in the area, have thorough background checks of employees and so one and so forth....

But, even though the ten year old inside of me thinks this is the COOLEST idea ever, however amazing it would be to see a real, live mammoth, saber-toothed cat or Jefferson’s sloth, what’s the real purpose other than pure entertainment value?  There was a reason these species went extinct 10,000 years ago and, while humans may have been a factor and some people may feel “responsible”, we have to remember, it’s been 10,000 years.   The ecosystem has had a chance to adapt, change and evolve.  Adding those megafauna back into the mix could end up causing more problems than solving.  The list of objections and potential conflicts far outweighs the perceived benefits, and this is without adding de-extinction into the equation.  But, just because I don’t think a mammoth should be brought back to life, doesn’t mean this research is for not.  While I believe it is more important for us as intellectual beings to focus our efforts on pre-extinction than de-extinction, I CAN see the benefits of being able to bring back a species which has recently been wiped off the earth because of human thoughtlessness.  Would this research make it possible to see a western black rhino, which was declared extinct only a year and a half ago, on the plains of Africa again? It will be interesting to see where this research takes us in the next decade whether its to a Pleistocene Park or a new population of rhinos in Africa.

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National Geographic

or

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One Green Planet
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Absence of Elephants and Rhinoceroses Reduces Biodiversity in Tropical Forests

5/17/2012

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ScienceDaily
A recent study published in the 'Biotropica' journal has revealed that megaherbivores, such as elephants and rhinoceroses, are essential in maintaining the biodiversity of the tropical rainforests of South-East Asia, suggesting they be protected and even reintroduced into areas where have disappeared due to illegal human activity.  The megaherbivores’ ability to disperse seeds from the flora they consume far exceeds the abilities of smaller seed-dispersing herbivores, making them an important factor contributing to the structural integrity of the rainforest and the variety found within that type of environment.   The tight quarters due to the density of plant species within the rainforest make it difficult for the plants to disperse their seeds themselves so they rely on animals to aide in their dispersal.  But plants, such as the mango tree, whose seeds are very large cannot rely on smaller animals to distribute their seeds.  Elephants and rhinos are special in that they ingest the whole fruit, seeds and all, and digest them slowly and inefficiently.  So, when they poop (it always comes back to poop!), most of the seeds come out and they come out virtually unharmed.  This allows them to disperse the seeds across the forests, helping to solve the forest’s own density issue.  

The underlying message of the study is to stop illegal hunting.  The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) says that the elephants of South-East Asia are in “danger of extinction” and the two rhinoceros species are “critically endangered”.  Elephant and rhino populations world-wide, not just in Asia, are drastically decreasing.  The Western Black Rhino of Africa was officially declared extinct on November 10, 2011 with the Northern White Rhino of central Africa “possibly extinct” in the wild and the Javan Rhino in Vietnam “probably extinct” (MSNBC).  It is heart wrenching that within the last year we have seen three species of Megafauna go extinct.  Every animal has a profound effect on the environment in which they live; otherwise, they wouldn’t have adapted to be there.  It’s a shame we have to “discover” why they are important to find it necessary to preserve them.
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    Caitlin Curry

    I am a biologist and my life is crap!

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